Biological invasions are one of the main threats related to the economy and the biodiversity related to global change. Recently, a very harmful phytopathogenic organism has been detected in the Balearic Islands: Xylella fastidiosa. It is a plant pathogen that causes mortality without cure in a large number of important woody crops such as olives, grapevines, almonds and citrus trees. This paper discusses an approach to the study of the spatial distribution of the pathogen in the Balearic Islands and a potential distribution model of the pathogen in the Iberian Peninsula, which is developed and based on the records of its presence in the Balearic Islands. The preliminary results point to a high incidence of Xylella fastidiosa in the Balearic Islands and they forecast a wide potential distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in the Iberian Peninsula, especially where the minimum temperatures of coldest month of the year are milder.